The World Trade Organization and International Law: Balancing Trade, Sovereignty, and Global Governance

Abstract

This study explores the intricate relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and
international law, focusing on how the WTO’s regulatory framework impacts global trade governance.
With an expanding scope that now encompasses digital trade, environmental sustainability, and indirect
human rights concerns, the WTO’s role has grown beyond traditional trade facilitation. The research
investigates the WTO’s foundational principles, dispute settlement mechanisms (DSMs), and alignment
with other international legal frameworks, highlighting challenges that arise from growing protectionism
and geopolitical competition. Using a comparative legal analysis, this study assesses how effectively the
WTO integrates international legal norms, especially concerning issues like data governance, climate
policy, and labor rights. Findings suggest that while the WTO has succeeded in fostering a rules-based
trading system, its governance structures are increasingly strained by multipolar dynamics and emerging
global priorities. The study concludes that strategic reforms, enhanced cooperation with other international
organizations, and increased support for developing countries are critical for the WTO’s continued
relevance in a complex, evolving global trade landscape.